# How to use the update hook

When your developer runs git-push into the repository, git-receive-pack is run (either locally or over ssh) as that developer, so is hooks/update script. Quoting from the relevant section of the documentation:

    Before each ref is updated, if $GIT_DIR/hooks/update file exists
    and executable, it is called with three parameters:

    $GIT_DIR/hooks/update refname sha1-old sha1-new

    The refname parameter is relative to $GIT_DIR; e.g. for the
    master head this is "refs/heads/master".  Two sha1 are the
    object names for the refname before and after the update.  Note
    that the hook is called before the refname is updated, so either
    sha1-old is 0{40} (meaning there is no such ref yet), or it
    should match what is recorded in refname.

So if your policy is (1) always require fast-forward push (i.e. never allow "git-push repo +branch:branch"), (2) you have a list of users allowed to update each branch, and (3) you do not let tags to be overwritten, then you can use something like this as your hooks/update script.

[jc: editorial note. This is a much improved version by Carl since I posted the original outline]

    #!/bin/bash

    umask 002

    # If you are having trouble with this access control hook script
    # you can try setting this to true.  It will tell you exactly
    # why a user is being allowed/denied access.

    verbose=false

    # Default shell globbing messes things up downstream
    GLOBIGNORE=*

    function grant {
      $verbose && echo >&2 "-Grant-         $1"
      echo grant
      exit 0
    }

    function deny {
      $verbose && echo >&2 "-Deny-          $1"
      echo deny
      exit 1
    }

    function info {
      $verbose && echo >&2 "-Info-          $1"
    }

    # Implement generic branch and tag policies.
    # - Tags should not be updated once created.
    # - Branches should only be fast-forwarded unless their pattern starts with '+'
    case "$1" in
      refs/tags/*)
        git rev-parse --verify -q "$1" &&
        deny >/dev/null "You can't overwrite an existing tag"
        ;;
      refs/heads/*)
        # No rebasing or rewinding
        if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null; then
          info "The branch '$1' is new..."
        else
          # updating -- make sure it is a fast-forward
          mb=$(git merge-base "$2" "$3")
          case "$mb,$2" in
            "$2,$mb") info "Update is fast-forward" ;;
            *)        noff=y; info "This is not a fast-forward update.";;
          esac
        fi
        ;;
      *)
        deny >/dev/null \
        "Branch is not under refs/heads or refs/tags.  What are you trying to do?"
        ;;
    esac

    # Implement per-branch controls based on username
    allowed_users_file=$GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users
    username=$(id -u -n)
    info "The user is: '$username'"

    if test -f "$allowed_users_file"
    then
      rc=$(grep -Ev '^(#|$)' $allowed_users_file |
        while read heads user_patterns
        do
          # does this rule apply to us?
          head_pattern=${heads#+}
          matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "${head_pattern#+}")
          test "$matchlen" = ${#1} || continue

          # if non-ff, $heads must be with the '+' prefix
          test -n "$noff" &&
          test "$head_pattern" = "$heads" && continue

          info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'"
          for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do
            info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'"
            matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern")
            if test "$matchlen" = "${#username}"
            then
              grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'"
            fi
          done
          deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch"
        done
      )
      case "$rc" in
        grant) grant >/dev/null "Granting access based on $allowed_users_file" ;;
        deny)  deny  >/dev/null "Denying  access based on $allowed_users_file" ;;
        *) ;;
      esac
    fi

    allowed_groups_file=$GIT_DIR/info/allowed-groups
    groups=$(id -G -n)
    info "The user belongs to the following groups:"
    info "'$groups'"

    if test -f "$allowed_groups_file"
    then
      rc=$(grep -Ev '^(#|$)' $allowed_groups_file |
        while read heads group_patterns
        do
          # does this rule apply to us?
          head_pattern=${heads#+}
          matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "${head_pattern#+}")
          test "$matchlen" = ${#1} || continue

          # if non-ff, $heads must be with the '+' prefix
          test -n "$noff" &&
          test "$head_pattern" = "$heads" && continue

          info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'"
          for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do
            for groupname in $groups; do
              info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'"
              matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern")
              if test "$matchlen" = "${#groupname}"
              then
                grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'"
              fi
            done
          done
          deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch"
        done
      )
      case "$rc" in
        grant) grant >/dev/null "Granting access based on $allowed_groups_file" ;;
        deny)  deny  >/dev/null "Denying  access based on $allowed_groups_file" ;;
        *) ;;
      esac
    fi

    deny >/dev/null "There are no more rules to check.  Denying access"

This uses two files, $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users and allowed-groups, to describe which heads can be pushed into by whom. The format of each file would look like this:

    refs/heads/master   junio
    +refs/heads/seen    junio
    refs/heads/cogito$  pasky
    refs/heads/bw/.*    linus
    refs/heads/tmp/.*   .*
    refs/tags/v[0-9].*  junio

With this, Linus can push or create "bw/penguin" or "bw/zebra" or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and JC can do master and "seen" branches and make versioned tags. And anybody can do tmp/blah branches. The + sign at the "seen" record means that JC can make non-fast-forward pushes on it.